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December 11, 2007

1990s: Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP)

By Topic

Note:  Click on a Abstract link to view and/or print a publication's abstract from a separate window.

Feature article:  Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1982). Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: An overview of the DARP research program. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 2(1), 7-29. [Abstract] [Full article (PDF: 2.5mg / 23 pages)]
 

A. Primary Overview of Papers for DARP
B. Other DARP Summaries and Research Overviews
C. Treatment Evaluation Systems and Strategies
 D. Client Descriptions and Classifications
 E. Treatment Classification and Process
 F. Community and Social Support Impact on Treatment
 G. Development of Outcome Criteria
 H. During-Treatment Performance
I. Treatment Retention and Outcomes
 J. Posttreatment (Year 1) Outcomes
K. Alcohol Use
 L. Criminality
 M. Death Rates
 N. Employment
 O. Readmissions to Treatment
 P. Treatment of Youth
 Q. Long-Term Outcomes in Years 5 and 6
 R. Year 12 Outcomes and Addict Careers
 S. TOPS Treatment Process Studies


A. Primary Overview of Papers for DARP:

  1. Sells, S. B., Demaree, R. G., Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1977). Issues in the evaluation of drug abuse treatment. Professional Psychology, 8(4), 609-640.
  2. Sells, S. B. (1978). Treatment effectiveness. In R. L. Dupont, A. Goldstein, J. O'Donnell (Eds.), Handbook of drug abuse (pp. 105-118). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1980). The case for drug abuse treatment effectiveness based on the DARP research program. British Journal of Addiction, 75(2), 117-131.
  4. Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1982). Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: An overview of the DARP research program. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 2(1), 7-29.  [Abstract] [Full article (PDF: 2.5mg / 23 pages)]
  5. Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., & Bracy, S. A. (1982). Six-year follow-up of opioid addicts after admission to treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(11), 1318-1323.
  6. Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (Eds.). (1990). Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.  [Book overview: (PDF: 28K / 7 pages)]
  7. Simpson, D. D., Chatham, L. R., & Brown, B. S. (1995). The role of evaluation research in drug abuse policy. Current Directions in Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 4(4), 123-126.

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B. Other DARP Summaries and Research Overviews:

  1. Sells, S. B. (1967). Rehabilitating the narcotic addict. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  2. Sells, S. B. (1975). The DARP research program and data system. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 1-14.
  3. Sells, S. B. (1975). Evaluation of treatment for 1971-1972 DARP admissions: Comments and conclusions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 113-121.
  4. Chatham, L. R., & Sells, S. B. (1975). Evaluation of treatment for drug abuse based on the joint NIMH-TCU drug abuse reporting program (DARP). In E. Senay, V. Shorty, & H. Alksne (Eds.), Developments in the field of drug abuse. Cambridge, MA: Schenkerman Publishing Company.
  5. Sells, S. B. (1977). Methadone maintenance in perspective. Journal of Drug Issues, 7(1), 13-22.
  6. Sells, S. B., Demaree, R. G., Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (1978). Evaluation of present treatment modalities: Research with DARP admissions, 1969-1973. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 311, 270-281.
  7. Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1979). On the effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: Evidence from the DARP Research Program in the United States. United Nations Bulletin on Narcotics, 31, 1-11.
  8. Sells, S. B. (1981). Follow-up and treatment and outcome (Chapter 63). In J. H. Lowinson & P. Ruiz (Eds.), Substance abuse clinical problems and perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
  9. Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1982). Evaluation of drug abuse treatment effectiveness: Summary of the DARP follow-up research (NIDA Treatment Research Report, DHHS No. ADM 82-1194). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  10. Singh, B. K., Joe, G. W., Lehman, W., Garland, J., & Sells, S. B. (1982). A descriptive overview of treatment modalities in federally funded drug abuse treatment programs. International Journal of the Addictions, 17(6), 977-1000.
  11. Simpson, D. D. (1984). National treatment system evaluation based on the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) follow-up research. In F. M. Tims & J. P. Ludford (Eds.), Drug Abuse Treatment Evaluation: Strategies, Progress & Prospects (NIDA Research Monograph Series 51, DHHS No. ADM 84-1329). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  12. Sells, S. B. (1987). Drug rehabilitation. In R. Corsini (Ed.), Concise encyclopedia of psychology (abridged edition). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  13. Brown, B. S. (1988). Contributions of the DARP to treatment research methods and policy. In S. G. Cole & R. G. Demaree (Eds.), Applications of interactionist psychology: Essays in honor of Saul B. Sells (pp. 343-353). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  14. Chatham, L. R. (1988). Contributions of a behavioral scientist to a public health administrator. In S. G. Cole & R. G. Demaree (Eds.), Applications of interactionist psychology: Essays in honor of Saul B. Sells (pp. 39-45). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  15. Simpson, D. D. (1988). Treatment evaluation research based on the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). In S. G. Cole & R. G. Demaree (Eds.), Applications of interactionist psychology: Essays in honor of Saul B. Sells (pp. 325-341). Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
  16. Simpson, D. D. (1995). Drug Abuse Reporting Program. In J. H. Jaffe (Ed.), Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.

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C. Treatment Evaluation Systems and Strategies:

  1. Sells, S. B. (1975). Techniques of outcome evaluation in alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health programs. In J. Zusman & C. R. Wurster (Eds.), Program evaluation, alcohol, drug abuse and mental health services (pp. 61-77).
  2. Sells, S. B. (1976). Reflections on the epidemiology of heroin and narcotic addiction from the perspective of treatment data. In J. D. Rittenhouse (Ed.), The epidemiology of heroin and other narcotics (National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series 16). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Sells, S. B. (1976). The DARP research program and data system. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 1-27). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  4. Sells, S. B. (1977). Patient records (Chapter III). Epidemiology of drug abuse manual. Washington, DC: Automated Services.
  5. Sells, S. B. (1977). Problems of conceptualization and design in research on the evaluation of treatment for drug abuse. In J. S. Strauss, H. M. Babigian, & M. Roff (Eds.), The origins and course of psychopathology. New York: Plenum Publishing Company.
  6. Lloyd, M. R., & Joe, G. W. (1979). Recidivism comparisons across groups: Methods of estimation and tests of significance for recidivism rates and asymptotes. Evaluation Quarterly, 3(1), 105-117.
  7. Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1979). Implications for evaluation of drug dependency treatment based on data provided by a management information system. Addictive Diseases, 3, 533-554.
  8. Simpson, D. D. (1990). Treatment evaluation research using a national database. In J. J. Platt, C. D. Kaplan, & P. J. McKim (Eds.), Effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Dutch and American perspectives (pp. 221-230). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.

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D. Client Descriptions and Classifications:

  1. Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1974). Patterns of multiple drug abuse. International Journal of the Addictions, 9(2), 301-314.
  2. Spiegel, D. K. (1974). DARP population description. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 1-80). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  3. Joe, G. W. (1974). Patient background indices for a drug-abusing population. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 81-173). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  4. Simpson, D. D. (1974). Patterns of multiple drug abuse. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 175-188). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  5. McRae, D. J. (1974). Development of a patient typology. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 189-251). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  6. Simpson, D. D. (1974). Use of alcohol by DARP patients in treatment for drug abuse: 1969-1971 admissions. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 309-357). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  7. Simpson, D. D., Curtis, B., & Butler, M. C. (1975). Description of drug users in treatment: 1971-1972 DARP admissions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 15-28.
  8. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1975). Research on patient classification for drug users in the DARP. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 29-35.
  9. Curtis, B., & Simpson, D. D. (1976). Demographic characteristics of groups classified by patterns of multiple drug abuse: A 1969-1971 sample. International Journal of the Addictions, 11(1), 161-173.
  10. Simpson, D. D. (1976). Pretreatment drug use by patients entering drug treatment programs during 1971-1973. Journal of Drug Education, 6(1), 53-71.
  11. Gorsuch, R. L., & Butler, M. C. (1976). Toward developmental models of nonmedical drug use. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 29-76). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  12. Curtis, B., Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (1976). Description of drug users entering treatment in the DARP during 1969-1973. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 77-141). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  13. Simpson, D. D. (1976). Pretreatment drug use by patients entering drug treatment programs during 1971-1973. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 143-160). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  14. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1976). Classification of drug users based on the DARP treatment population. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 161-198). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  15. Curtis, B., & Simpson, D. D. (1977). Differences in background and drug use history among three types of drug users entering drug therapy programs. Journal of Drug Education, 7(4), 369-379.
  16. Joe, G. W., & Hudiburg, R. (1978). Behavioral correlates of age at first marijuana use. International Journal of the Addictions, 13(4), 627-637.
  17. Savage, L. J., & Simpson, D. D. (1980). Posttreatment outcomes of sex and ethnic groups treated in methadone maintenance during 1969-1972. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 12, 55-64.
  18. Watterson, O. M., Joe, G. W., Cole, S. G., & Sells, S. B. (1980). Impression management and attitudes toward marijuana use. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 15, 139-156.
  19. Chastain, R. L., Lehman, W. E. K., & Joe, G. W. (1986). Estimated full scale IQ in an adult heroin addict population. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 12(4), 331-340.
  20. Marsh, K. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1986). Sex differences in opioid addiction careers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 12(4), 309-329.
  21. Stagner, B. H. (1986). The viability of birth order studies in substance abuse research. International Journal of the Addictions, 21(3), 377-384.

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E. Treatment Classification and Process:

  1. Watson, D. D., Simpson, D. D., & Spiegel, D. K. (1974). Development of a treatment typology for drug use in the DARP: 1969-1971 admissions. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 253-308). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  2. Cole, S. G., & James, L. R. (1975). A revised treatment typology based on the DARP. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 37-49.
  3. Cole, S. G., & Watterson, O. (1976). A treatment typology for drug abuse in the DARP: 1971-1972 admissions. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 199-266). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  4. James, L. R., Hammond, T. J., Hartman, E. A., & Sells, S. B. (1976). A typology of treatment process for drug abuse. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 267-317). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  5. James, L. R., Hammond, T. J., Hartman, E. A., & Sells, S. B. (1976). Treatment processes associated with drug treatment modalities: An application of multiple discriminant analyses. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 319-336). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  6. James, L. R., Watterson, O., Bruni, J. R., & Cole, S. G. (1976). Validation of drug abuse treatment classification checklists. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 407-452). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  7. James, L. R., & Watterson, O. (1976). Manual for the classification of drug abuse treatment programs based on item checklists. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 453-508). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  8. Simpson, D. D., & Lloyd, M. R. (1979). Client evaluations of drug abuse treatment in relation to follow-up outcomes. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 6, 397-411.
  9. Cole, S. G., Cole, E., Lehman, W. E. K., & Jones, A. (1981). The combined treatment of drug and alcohol and drug abusers. An overview. Journal of Drug Issues, 11, 109-122.
  10. Cole, S. G., Lehman, W. E. K., Cole, E., & Jones, A. (1981). Inpatient vs outpatient treatment of alcohol and drug abusers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 8, 329-345.
  11. Sells, S. B. (1981). Matching clients to treatments. Problems, preliminary results, and remaining tasks (Chapter 2). In E. Gottheil, A. T. McLellan & K. A. Druley (Eds.), Matching patient needs and treatment methods in alcoholism and drug abuse. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
  12. Simpson, D. D., & Savage, L. J. (1981-82). Client types in different drug abuse treatments: Comparisons of follow-up outcomes. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 8(4), 401-418.
  13. Lehman, W. E. K., & Cole, S. G. (1982). Treatment staff attitudes toward the combined treatment of drug and alcohol abusers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 9, 77-93.
  14. Joe, G. W., Singh, B. K., Lehman, W., Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1983). Agency differences in posttreatment outcomes: A follow-up of drug abuse treatment clients. International Journal of the Addictions, 18(4), 523-538.

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F. Community and Social Support Impact on Treatment:

  1. Joe, G. W., Singh, B. K., Finklea, D., Hudiburg, R., & Sells, S. B. (1977). Community factors, racial composition of treatment programs and treatment outcomes (NIDA Services Research Report, DHEW Publication No. ADM 78-573). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  2. Hater, J. J., & Simpson, D. D. (1981). Use of community services by opioid addicts. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 13(4), 361-368.
  3. Singh, B. K. (1981). The effects of community structure of during-treatment outcomes of methadone maintenance programs. International Journal of the Addictions, 16(7), 1183-1196.
  4. Joe, G. W., Singh, B. K., Lehman, W., Garland, J., Sells, S. B., & Seder, P. (1982). Prediction of retention in methadone maintenance in a contextual model. Journal of Drug Education, 12(3), 211-227.
  5. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1983). Social factors relating to the follow-up status of opioid addicts. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 15(3), 207-217.
  6. Hater, J. J., Singh, B. K., & Simpson, D. D. (1984). Influence of family and religion on long-term outcomes among opioid addicts. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 4(1), 29-40.

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G. Development of Outcome Criteria:

  1. Demaree, R. G. (1974). Behavioral measures and related criteria for assessment of outcomes during treatment for drug users in the DARP: 1969-1971 admissions. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 1. Evaluation of treatments for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 235-325). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  2. Demaree, R. G., Neman, J. F. (1975). Outcome measurement for drug treatment in the DARP: During-treatment criterion scales. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 51-61.
  3. Demaree, R. G., & Neman, J. F. (1976). Behavioral criteria for assessments of outcomes during treatment for drug users in the DARP: 1971-1972 admissions. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 3. Further studies of drug users, treatment typologies, and assessment of outcomes during treatment in the DARP for 1971-1972 admission cohort (pp. 337-442). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  4. Demaree, R. G., Neman, J. F., Long, G. L., & Gant, B. L. (1976). Patterns of behavioral outcomes over time in methadone maintenance treatment. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 4. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1971-1972 DARP admission cohort (pp. 325-427). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  5. Demaree, R. G., & Neman, J. F. (1976). Differential use of illicit drugs by outpatients admitted to methadone maintenance treatment programs in the DARP during 1972-1973. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 235-279). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  6. Neman, J. F., & Demaree, R. G. (1976). Behavioral criteria for assessments of outcomes during treatments for drug users in the DARP: 1972-1973 admissions. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 337-405). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

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H. During-Treatment Performance:

  1. Spiegel, D. K., & Sells, S. B. (1974). Evaluation of treatments for drug users in the DARP. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 1. Evaluation of treatments for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 1-234). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  2. Joe, G. W., Person, Jr., P., Sells, S. B., & Retka, R. L. (1974). An evaluation study of methadone and drug-free therapies for opiate addiction. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 1. Evaluation of treatments for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 327-438). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  3. Gorsuch, R. L. (1975). The impact of drug treatments on during-treatment criteria: 1971-1972 DARP admissions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 73-98.
  4. Gorsuch, R. L., Abbamonte, M., & Sells, S. B. (1976). Evaluation of treatments for drug users in the DARP: 1971-1972 admissions. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 4. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1971-1972 DARP admission cohort (pp. 1-251). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  5. Gorsuch, R. L., Butler, M. C., & Sells, S. B. (1976). Evaluation of treatment for drug users in the DARP: 1972-1973 admissions. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 1-166). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

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I. Treatment Retention and Outcomes:

  1. Joe, G. W. (1974). Studies of retention in treatment of drug users in the DARP: 1969-1971 admissions. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 1. Evaluation of treatments for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 439-497). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  2. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1975). Retention in treatment of drug users: 1971-1972 DARP admissions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 63-71.
  3. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1976). Retention in treatment of drug users admitted to treatment during 1971-1972. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 4. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1971-1972 DARP admission cohort (pp. 253-324). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  4. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1976). Treatment retention for drug users: 1972-1973 DARP admissions. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 167-234). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  5. Simpson, D. D. (1979). The relation of time spent in drug abuse treatment to posttreatment outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1449-1453.
  6. Simpson, D. D. (1981). Treatment for drug abuse: Follow-up outcomes and length of time spent. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(8), 875-880.
  7. Joe, G. W., Singh, B. K., Garland, J., Lehman, W., Sells, S. B., & Seder, P. (1983). Retention in outpatient drug free treatment clinics. Addictive Behaviors, 8(3), 219-234.
  8. Brown, B. S., Joe, G. W., & Thompson, P. (1985). Minority group status and treatment retention. International Journal of the Addictions, 20(2), 319-335.

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J. Posttreatment (Year 1) Outcomes (Also see Sections A and B):

  1. Sells, S. B., Demaree, R. G., Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (1978). Recidivism and indices of drug abuse treatment effectiveness. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 3, 221-222.
  2. Simpson, D. D., Savage, L. J., Lloyd, M. R., & Sells, S. B. (1978). Evaluation of drug abuse treatments based on first year follow-up (NIDA Services Research Monograph Series, DHEW No. ADM 78-701). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Simpson, D. D., Savage, L. J., & Lloyd, M. R. (1979). Follow-up evaluation of treatment of drug abuse during 1969 to 1972. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 772-780.
  4. Simpson, D. D., Savage, L. J., & Sells, S. B. (1980). Evaluations of outcomes in the first year after drug abuse treatment: A replication study based on 1972-73 DARP admissions (National Technical Information Service, No. PB 81-128076). Springfield, Virginia: U.S. Department of Commerce.
  5. Joe, G. W., Lloyd, M. R., Simpson, D. D., & Singh, B. K. (1982-83). Recidivism among opioid addicts after drug treatments: An analysis by race and tenure in treatment. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 9(4), 371-382.

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K. Alcohol Use:

  1. Neman, J. F., & Demaree, R. G. (1976). Differential patterns of alcohol consumption among outpatients during methadone maintenance treatment. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 4. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1971-1972 DARP admission cohort (pp. 443-472). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  2. Simpson, D. D., & Lloyd, M. R. (1977). Alcohol and illicit drug use: National follow-up study of admissions to drug abuse treatments in the DARP during 1969-1971 (NIDA Services Research Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Simpson, D. D., & Lloyd, M. R. (1978). Alcohol and illicit drug use: Follow-up study of treatment admissions to DARP during 1969-1971. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 5(1), 1-22.
  4. Simpson, D. D., & Lloyd, M. R. (1981). Alcohol and illicit drug use. In S. E. Gardner (Ed.), Drug and alcohol abuse: Implications for treatment (NIDA Treatment Research Monograph Series, DHHS No. ADM 80-958). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  5. Simpson, D. D., & Lloyd, M. R. (1981). Alcohol use following treatment for drug addiction: A four year follow-up. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42(3), 323-335.
  6. Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1987). Role of alcohol use by narcotic addicts as revealed in the DARP research on evaluation of treatment for drug abuse. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 11(5), 437.
  7. Lehman, W. E. K., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Alcohol use. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 177-192). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.

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L. Criminality:

  1. Ball, J. C., Levine, B. K., Demaree, R. G., & Neman, J. F. (1975). Pretreatment criminality of male and female drug abuse patients in the United States. Addictive Diseases, 1(4), 481-489.
  2. Long, G. L., & Demaree, R. G. (1975). Indicators of criminality during treatment for drug abuse. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 123-136.
  3. Long, G. L., & Demaree, R. G. (1976). Indicators of criminality during treatment for drug abuse. In S. B. Sells & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 4. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1971-1972 DARP admission cohort (pp. 429-441). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  4. Savage, L. J., & Simpson, D. D. (1981). Drug use and crime during a four year posttreatment follow-up. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 8(1), 1-16.
  5. Singh, B. K., & Joe, G. W. (1981). Substance abuse and arrests: Variations in pretreatment arrests of clients in drug treatment programs. Criminology, 19(3), 315-327.
  6. Sells, S. B. (1984). Drug abuse treatment effectiveness - reduction of drug-related offenses among opiate addicts. In S. H. Kadish (Ed.), Encyclopedia of crime and justice. New York: The Free Press, A Division of MacMillan Publishing Company, Inc.
  7. Simpson, D. D. & Friend, H. J. (1988). Legal status and long-term outcomes for addicts in the DARP followup project. In C. Leukefeld & F. Tims (Eds.), Compulsory treatment of drug abuse: Research and clinical practice (NIDA Research Monograph Series, DHHS No. ADM 88-1578). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  8. Lehman, W. E. K., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Criminal involvement. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 157-176). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.

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M. Death Rates:

  1. Sells, S. B., Chatham, L. R., & Retka, R. L. (1972). A study of differential death rates and causes of death among 9267 opiate addicts during 1970-1971. Contemporary Drug Problems, 1(4), 665-706.
  2. Watterson, O., Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1974). Death rates and causes of death among opiate addicts in the DARP during 1971-1972. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 2. Patient profiles, treatments, and outcomes for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 359-408). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  3. Watterson, O., Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1975). Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in community drug treatment programs during 1970-1973. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2(1), 99-111.
  4. Watterson, O., Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1976). Death rates and causes of death for opiate addicts in treatment during 1972-1973. In S. B. Sells, & D. D. Simpson (Eds.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 5. Evaluation of treatment outcomes for 1972-1973 DARP admissions cohort (pp. 281-335). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  5. Joe, G. W., Lehman, W., & Simpson, D. D. (1982). Addict death rates during a four-year posttreatment follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 72(7), 703-709.
  6. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1987). Mortality rates among opioid addicts in a longitudinal study. American Journal of Public Health, 77(3), 347-348.
  7. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Death rates and risk factors. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 193-202). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.

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N. Employment:

  1. Simpson, D. D. (1981). Employment among opioid addicts during a four year follow-up after drug abuse treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 11(3), 435-449.

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O. Readmissions to Treatment:

  1. Simpson, D. D., & McRae, D. J. (1974). Readmissions to treatment of drug users in the DARP: 1969-1971 admissions. In S. B. Sells (Ed.), The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: Vol. 1. Evaluation of treatments for 1969-1971 admission cohort (pp. 499-523). Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  2. Savage, L. J., & Simpson, D. D. (1977). Illicit drug use and return to treatment: National follow-up study of admissions to drug abuse treatments in the DARP during 1969-1971 (NIDA Services Research Report, DHEW No. ADM 78-577). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Joe, G. W., & Gent, M. J. (1978). Drug treatment histories for a sample of drug users in DARP (Research Report, DHEW Publication No. ADM 78-634). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  4. Savage, L. J., & Simpson, D. D. (1978). Illicit drug use and return to treatment: National follow-up study of admissions to drug abuse treatments in the DARP during 1969-1971. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 5(1), 23-38.
  5. Simpson, D. D., & Savage, L. J. (1980). Drug abuse treatment readmissions and outcomes: Three year follow-up of DARP patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(8), 896-901.
  6. Simpson, D. D., & Savage, L. J. (1980). Treatment re-entry and outcomes of opioid addicts during a four year follow-up after drug abuse treatment in the United States. United Nations Bulletin on Narcotics, 32, (4), 1-10.
  7. Simpson, D. D., Savage, L. J., & Joe, G. W. (1980). Treatment histories of clients treated for drug abuse. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 7(2), 127-140.

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P. Treatment of Youth:

  1. Sells, S. B., & Simpson, D. D. (1979). Evaluation of treatment for youth in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program. In G. Beschner & A. S. Friedman (Eds.), Youth drug abuse: Problems, issues, and treatments (pp. 571-628). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

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Q. Long-Term Outcomes in Years 5 and 6 (Also see Section A):

  1. Sells, S. B., Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., Demaree, R. G., Savage, L. J., & Lloyd, M. R. (1976). A national follow-up study to evaluate the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: A report on Cohort 1 of DARP five years later. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 3(4), 545-556.
  2. Simpson, D. D., Crandall, R., Savage, L. J., & Pavia-Krueger, E. (1980). Leisure patterns of opioid addicts: A six year follow-up of clients (NIDA Services Research Report, DHHS No. ADM 81-1040). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Simpson, D. D., Crandall, R., Savage, L. J., & Pavia-Krueger, E. (1981). Leisure of opiate addicts at posttreatment follow-up. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(1), 36-39.
  4. Bracy, S. A., & Simpson, D. D. (1982-83). Status of opioid addicts 5 years after admission to drug abuse treatment. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 9(2), 115-127.

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R. Year 12 Outcomes and Addict Careers:

  1. Simpson, D. D. (1986). 12-Year follow-up outcomes of opioid addicts treated in therapeutic communities. In G. De Leon & J. T. Ziegenfuss (Eds.), Therapeutic communities and addiction: Readings in theory, research, and practice (pp. 109-120). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
  2. Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., & Lehman, W. E. K. (1986). Addiction careers: Summary of studies based on the DARP 12-year follow-up (NIDA Treatment Research Report, DHHS No. ADM 86-1420). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Simpson, D. D., Joe, G. W., Lehman, W. E. K., & Sells, S. B. (1986). Addiction careers: Etiology, treatment, and 12-year follow-up outcomes. Journal of Drug Issues, 16(1), 107-121.
  4. Simpson, D. D., & Marsh, K. L. (1986). Relapse and recovery among opioid addicts 12 years after treatment. In F. Tims & C. Leukefeld (Eds.), Relapse and recovery in drug abuse (NIDA Research Monograph Series 72, DHHS No. ADM 86-1473). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  5. Lehman, W. E. K., & Joe, G. W. (1987). Longitudinal behavior as a predictor of follow-up outcomes for opioid addicts. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(3), 173-184.
  6. Barrett, M. E., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Availability of drugs and psychological proneness in opioid addiction. International Journal of the Addictions, 25(10), 1211-1226.  [Abstract]
  7. Simpson, D. D. (1990). Longitudinal outcome patterns. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 55-71). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  8. Joe, G. W., Chastain, R. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Reasons for addiction stages. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 73-102). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  9. Joe, G. W., Chastain, R. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Length of careers. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 103-119). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  10. Joe, G. W., Chastain, R. L., Marsh, K. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Relapse. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up(pp. 121-136). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  11. Marsh, K. L., Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., & Lehman, W. E. K. (1990). Treatment history. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 137-156). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  12. Lehman, W. E. K., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). Predictions of 12-year outcomes. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 203-220). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  13. Lehman, W. E. K., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1990). An integrative model. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 221-237). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
  14. Simpson, D. D. (1990). Final comments. In D. D. Simpson & S. B. Sells (Eds.), Opioid addiction and treatment: A 12-year follow-up (pp. 239-252). Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.

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S. TOPS Treatment Process Studies:

  1. Joe, G. W., & Friend, H. J. (1989). Treatment process factors and satisfaction with drug abuse treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 3(2), 53-64. 
  2. Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., & Hubbard, R. L. (1991). Treatment predictors of tenure in methadone maintenance. Journal of Substance Abuse, 3, 73-84.  [Abstract]
  3. Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., & Hubbard, R. L. (1991). Unmet service needs in methadone maintenance. International Journal of the Addictions, 26(1), 1-22.   [Abstract]
  4. Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., & Sells, S. B. (1994). Treatment process and relapse to opioid use during methadone maintenance. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 20(2), 173-197.  [Abstract]

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