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Bennett, J. B., & Lehman, W. E. K. (1998). Workplace drinking climate, stress, and problem indicators: Assessing the influence of teamwork (group cohesion). Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(5), 608-618.

Abstract: Objective. While job-related alcohol use may be associated with problems for drinkers, less is known about the effects of employee drinking on co-workers. We hypothesized that either exposure to co-worker drinking or the presence of a drinking climate would positively correlate with reports of stress and other problems. Following previous research, we also predicted that work group cohesion (or team orientation) would buffer against such problems. Method. Two random samples of municipal employees (Ns = 909 and 1,068) completed anonymous surveys. These assessed individual drinking, co-worker drinking, task-oriented group cohesion, the direct reports of negative consequences due to co-worker substance use, and five problem indicators: job stress, job withdrawal, health problems, and performance (work accidents and absences). Results. In each sample, drinking climate correlated with stress and withdrawal more so than did reports of individual drinking. Drinking climate and individual job stress were negatively associated with cohesion. ANCOVA results indicated that drinking climate combined with low cohesion resulted in increased vulnerability for all five problems. Moreover, cohesion appeared to attenuate the negative impact of exposure to drinking norms. Conclusions. As many as 40% of employees report at least one negative consequence associated with co-worker substance use (alcohol and drugs). Because teamwork may buffer negative effects of drinking climate on co-workers, workplace prevention efforts might be enhanced through a focus on the social environment. These efforts would include teambuilding and discussions of the impact of co-worker drinking on employee productivity.

Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F. (1998). The generation and recall of personally relevant information. Journal of Experimental Education, 66(4), 293-315.

Abstract: An important problem common to the processes of generating and recalling ideas is restricted access to information. Node-link mapping is a visual representation technique that may facilitate access through spatial and verbal cuing. In the present study, students' generation and recall of personally relevant information with techniques that varied in the use of spatial and verbal aspects of node-link maps were examined. The participants generated ideas for
2 self selected topics and then were tested for recall of their generated ideas 48 hr later. It appears, at least in the current experimental context, that link types initially interfere with cognitive processes that may otherwise operate smoothly. The students who used node-link maps appeared to become more proficient over time than the students who used listing.

Czuchry, M., Dansereau, D. F., Sia, T. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Using peer, self, and counselor ratings to evaluate treatment progress. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30(1), 81-87.

Abstract: It is generally recognized that the evaluation of treatment progress requires multiple methods of assessment. To provide a basis for supplementing existing measures, the current study investigated the use of a peer rating methodology for evaluating the treatment progress of 381 probationers admitted to a four-month residential drug abuse facility. Self ratings of "working the program" (i.e., conscientiously participating in treatment) were compared with ratings by peers in the program and with ratings by counselors. Peer and counselor ratings were more highly correlated with each other than with client self ratings. Peer as well as self ratings detected differences between enhanced and standard counseling, and were related to individual difference measures known to be associated with treatment progress. In addition, peer midterm ratings of "working the program" were related to both self and counselor ratings of clients' endterm participation, and counselor ratings of the likelihood of remaining clean and sober. These findings support the use of peer ratings as additional indicators of treatment progress. [Keywords: Drug abuse treatment; multiple assessments; peer ratings; treatment evaluation]

Griffith, J. D., Joe, G. W., Chatham, L. R., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). The development and validation of a Simpatía Scale for Hispanics entering drug treatment. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20(4), 468-482.

Abstract: A 17-item simpatía scale was developed for use with Hispanic substance abusers using confirmatory factor analytic techniques in a sample of 144 daily opioid users. The overall scale had good internal consistency and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity. The simpatía scale was constructed to examine social attributes reflecting agreeableness, respect of others, and politeness. The Agreeableness subscale addressed issues related to agreeing with others, similarity of opinions between self and others, and if clients openly disagreed with others. The Respect subscale addressed issues related to saying good things about others, trusting others, and treating others with respect. The Politeness subscale addressed issues related to avoiding conflict with others, doing favors, and treating others as equals. A cross-validation study demonstrated that simpatía was positively related to social support, social conformity, treatment service satisfaction, and client rating of counselor skills, whereas it was negatively related to hostility.

Griffith, J. D., Knight, D. K., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Implications of family and peer relations for treatment engagement and follow-up outcomes: An integrative model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12(2), 113-126.

Abstract: An integrative analytic model was proposed to explain deviance in terms of the family of origin, perceived peer and family relations, psychosocial functioning, motivation for treatment, and treatment engagement. The model was tested by using data from opioid-addicted persons who completed methadone treatment and were interviewed 1 year after discharge. The hypothesized model was shown to fit the data for outcomes at follow-up. A history of poor family relations was related to perceived family dysfunction and peer deviance at treatment entry; these 2 factors in turn predicted poor psychosocial functioning, which was related to higher levels of motivation. Higher motivation was associated with greater treatment engagement, which was associated with reduced opioid use and criminality. The importance of examining associations between family and peer relations and posttreatment outcomes within the context of treatment engagement is discussed.

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., Broome, K. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Legal pressure and treatment retention in a national sample of long-term residential programs. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25(4), 463-481.

Abstract: This study examined the association between legal pressure and treatment retention in a national sample of 2,605 clients admitted to 18 long-term residential facilities that participated in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Hierarchical linear models were used to assess the relationship of background factors and legal pressure with treatment participation for 90 days or longer. Two thirds of the sample entered residential treatment with moderate to high pressure from legal authorities, and they were significantly more likely than the low-pressure clients to stay 90 days or more. Moreover, the difference in retention between moderate-to-high and low-pressure clients was even greater in programs with proportionally larger caseloads under legal surveillance. The criminal justice system (CJS) can influence treatment participation and retention, and it appears essential for the CJS and treatment programs to maintain an open and constructive relationship to maximize their potential combined impact.

Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., & Broome, K. M. (1998). Effects of readiness for drug abuse treatment on client retention and assessment of process. Addiction, 93(8), 1177-1190.

Abstract:  Aims. This study examined client motivation as a predictor of retention and therapeutic engagement across the major types of treatment settings represented in the third national drug abuse treatment outcome study (DATOS) conducted in the U.S.  Design. Sequential admissions during 1991-1993 to 37 programs provided representative samples of community-based treatment populations. Based on this naturalistic non-experimental evaluation design, hierarchical linear model (HLM) analysis for nested data was used to control for systematic variations in retention rates and client attributes among programs within modalities.  Setting. The data were collected from long-term residential (LTR), outpatient methadone (OMT), and outpatient drug free (ODF) programs located in 11 large cities. Participants. A total of 2265 clients in 18 LTR, 981 clients in 13 OMT and 1,791 clients in 16 ODF programs were studied.  Measurements. Pretreatment variables included problem recognition and treatment readiness (two stages of motivation), socio-demographic indicators, drug use history and dependence, criminality, co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis and previous treatment. Retention and engagement (based on ratings of client and counselor relationships) served as outcome criteria.  Findings. Pre-treatment motivation was related to retention in all three modalities, and the treatment readiness scale was the strongest predictor in LTR and OMT. Higher treatment readiness also was significantly related to early therapeutic engagement in each modality.  Conclusions. Indicators of intrinsic motivation-especially readiness for treatment–were not only significant predictors of engagement and retention, but were more important than socio-demographic, drug use and other background variables. Improved assessments and planning of interventions that focus on stages of readiness for change and recovery should help improve treatment systems.

Knight, D. K., Broome, K. M., Cross, D. R., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Antisocial tendency among drug-addicted adults: Potential long-term effects of parental absence, support, and conflict during childhood. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24(3), 361-375.

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between perceptions of parent-child relations in the family of origin and antisocial tendency in a sample of drug-addicted adults. Data included retrospective accounts of childhood family factors, adolescent antisocial tendency, and self-reported hostility and risk-taking prior to treatment entry. A developmental model was tested that included adolescent antisocial tendency as a mediator of the relationship between childhood parenting factors and adulthood antisocial tendency. The effects of parental support and conflict were found to operate primarily through adolescent measures. Specifically, lower levels of parental support and higher levels of conflict with parents predicted greater adolescent antisocial tendency, which in turn predicted more hostility and risk-taking in adulthood. Thus, parental support appears to serve as a buffer against deviant behavior and drug use.

Knight, K., Hiller, M. L., Simpson, D. D., & Broome, K. M. (1998). The validity of self-reported cocaine use in a criminal justice treatment sample. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24(4), 647-660.

Abstract: Recent studies comparing self-admitted cocaine use with hair and urine test results have raised concerns about underreporting due to variations across situations and settings. Because of the frequent need for self-report data in conducting treatment evaluations, more information is needed on factors that affect the credibility of this information. The present study examines records of cocaine use collected as part of an evaluation of prison-based treatment (N = 396). Specifically, self-reported cocaine use from 6-month postrelease follow-up interviews, completed with treatment graduates and a comparison sample of parolees who were eligible but not sent to treatment, was examined in relation to urine and hair test results. Overall, cocaine use was underreported when compared to hair test results, but underreporting was lower for program graduates than for the untreated comparison group. Furthermore, program graduates originally admitted to prison on a drug-related arrest were the most likely to underreport cocaine use, seemingly due to a heightened concern about potential consequences, such as returning to prison on another drug-related charge. Given that the validity of self-report for high-risk individuals varies greatly and is difficult to predict across studies, future research with criminal justice samples should continue to assess the validity of these measures under specific research conditions and for diverse types of individuals.

Lehman, W. E. K., Farabee, D. J., & Bennett, J. B. (1998). Perceptions and correlates of co-worker substance use. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 13(4), 1-22.

Abstract: Perceptions and consequences of co-worker substance use were assessed to (1) examine perceptions of co-worker use as supplemental measures of substance use problems in organizations, and (2) examine relationships with employee perceptions and attitudes. Support for the hypothesis that exposure to co-worker substance use is negatively associated with job performance and attitudes is presented. Results suggest the utility of evaluating perceptions of co-worker substance use in assessments of drug use in the workplace. These results have implications for training and education programs which should emphasize that employee substance use is a problem that extends beyond the substance-using employee.

Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., Newbern, D., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Residential drug abuse treatment for probationers: Use of node-link mapping to enhance participation and progress. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(6), 535-543.

Abstract: Node-link mapping, a graphic representation tool, was used to enhance substance-abuse treatment in a 4-month residential criminal justice program. Twelve communities of 30 to 35 probationers ("residents") were randomly assigned to either mapping-enhanced or standard counseling. During group sessions, counselors and residents in the mapping communities collaborated to develop node-link maps representing critical issues. Counselors in standard communities used their own methods. Treatment motivation (i.e., desire for help) was assessed at intake and was used to categorize residents into three levels. Treatment involvement was measured at the middle and at the end of the program. Residents, as well as their counselors, rated those in mapping communities as participating more in group sessions than those in standard communities. Mapping residents also reported better personal progress toward treatment goals, more positive affective responses to treatment, and greater treatment engagement. Residents with higher motivation at intake had higher treatment involvement scores regardless of type of counseling received. [Keywords: Node-link mapping; drug abuse treatment; treatment outcomes]

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