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Bennett, J. B., & Lehman, W. E. K. (1996). Employee attitude crystallization and substance use policy: Test of a classification scheme. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(4), 831-864.

Abstract: Previous research suggests that employees are often unaware of or ambivalent toward substance abuse policies. These studies focus on one policy component—drug-testing—and fail to distinguish employees with clear (or crystallized) from unclear attitudes. The current study explored a broader view of policy and examined both personal and situational factors that may determine attitudes. Survey data from employees in three municipalities support a distinction among five attitude categories; those who are: (a) dissatisfied with efforts to control employee abuse, (b) satisfied, (c) anti-policy, (d) pro-policy, and (e) uninformed. Discriminant analyses suggest that different profiles characterize these attitude groups. For example, dissatisfied employees report low personal alcohol use, high co-worker alcohol use, and low self-referral whereas anti-policy employees report high personal drug use, high co-worker use, and low job identity. Discussion focuses on policy as a social construction and the implications of attitude distinctions for employee training.

Broome, K. M., Knight, K., Hiller, M. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Drug treatment process indicators for probationers and prediction of recidivism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 13(6), 487-491.

Abstract: Research has shown that substance abuse treatment is associated with reduced criminal activity as well as reduced drug use. An increasingly important aspect of treatment evaluation, however, is understanding more about the therapeutic process involved. Based on a sample of 279 probationers assigned to residential treatment for drug use problems, the purpose of this study is to examine several elements of treatment process and how they influence recidivism. Rearrest rate during a 2-year follow-up study period was 36%, and survival analysis showed it was directly related to poorer during-treatment ratings by probationers of self-esteem, counselor competence, and peer support from others in the treatment program. These were better predictor measures than background and demographic characteristics generally used in other studies, suggesting the role of therapeutic engagement in the recovery process. [Keywords: Recidivism; survival models; drug treatment; probation]

Broome, K. M., Knight, K., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Evaluating the drug-abusing probationer: Clinical interview versus self-administered assessment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(4), 593-606.

Abstract: Practitioners working in drug treatment programs within the criminal justice system often must choose between the clinical benefits of the counselor-client interview and the time savings of self-administered instruments. The Brief Background Assessment (BBA), an intake instrument, was administered to clients in a probation-based drug treatment program as both a structured interview and as a self-administered assessment. Agreement between the two administrations was high across all areas assessed by the BBA. Likewise, nonagreeing responses were distributed randomly, across administration type. The results suggest that information collected by a self-administered intake assessment such as the BBA provides information similar to that gathered by interview-based intake assessments.

Camacho, L. M., Bartholomew, N. G., Joe, G. W., Cloud, M. A., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Gender, cocaine and during-treatment HIV risk reduction among injection opioid users in methadone maintenance. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 41, 1-7.

Abstract: HIV risk behavior was examined in relation to gender and cocaine use among a sample of 327 daily opioid users in methadone maintenance treatment. Women and cocaine users tended to be at higher risk than men and non-users prior to treatment entry. Significant reductions in both injection and sex-related risks occurred from intake to months 3 and 6 of treatment; HIV risks were also reduced among the subsample of clients who continued to inject drugs during treatment. The rate of HIV risk reduction was similar for both cocaine and non-cocaine users, but women had lower rates of risk reduction than men in terms of injecting with used equipment and number of sex partners. Measures of risk behavior at month 6 of treatment showed that women used 'dirty works' more often than men, and cocaine users injected more frequently and had more sex partners than non-cocaine users. Study outcomes highlight the need for specialized interventions targeting women and cocaine-using opioid addicts [Keywords: Cocaine; gender; HIV risk; injection; methadone maintenance]

Camacho, L. M., Brown, B. S., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Psychological dysfunction and HIV/AIDS risk behavior. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 11, 198-202.

Abstract: The relationship between psychological problems and human immunodeficiency virus HIV/AIDS risk-taking behaviors was examined among 834 daily opioid users entering methadone treatment programs. A composite measure of psychological dysfunction was created using depression, anxiety, and hostility scales. This measure was found to be significantly related to needle risk in terms of injecting with used equipment, sharing of drug paraphernalia, and sharing with strangers. Psychological dysfunction was also related to sexual risk taking in terms of number of partners, unprotected sex with other injection drug users, and trading sex. Use of cocaine was significantly related to all measures of injection and sex-related risk taking; use of speedball (heroin and cocaine) was significantly related to use of dirty equipment and sharing of paraphernalia. The implications of study findings for AIDS prevention programming are discussed. [Keywords: HIV risk; psychological problems; drug treatment]

Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F.  (1996).  Node-link mapping as an alternative to traditional writing assignments in undergraduate psychology.  Teaching of Psychology, 23(2), 91-96.

Abstract:  The usefulness of a spatial-verbal technique called node-link mapping as an alternative to traditional writing assignments was explored.  Students in Introductory Psychology (n = 44) and Memory and Cognition (n = 38) courses participated in the study as part of their typical course work.  Students participated individually or in groups of two or three on the mapping assignment and then completed an anonymous questionnaire.  Students rated the mapping assignment as more interesting, more informative, and no more difficult than a traditional writing assignment.  Students’ comments suggest that the mapping assignment helped students organize and remember information better than a traditional writing assignment.

Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Ethnicity and the effects of mapping-enhanced drug abuse counseling. Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 363-376.

Abstract: It was hypothesized that node-link mapping, a tool for visually representing client issues during drug abuse counseling, would reduce communication barriers between counselors and their African American and Mexican American clients. Three hundred twenty daily opioid users participated in methadone maintenance treatment programs in three cities for 6 months or longer following random assignments to mapping-enhanced or standard counseling. Clients in the mapping condition had fewer drug-positive urines (with respect to opiates and cocaine), missed fewer scheduled counseling sessions, and were rated more positively by their counselors on rapport, motivation, and self-confidence during the first 6 months of treatment. Significant interactions involving ethnicity and counseling condition suggested that mapping is more effective for African Americans and Mexican Americans than for Whites. The use of mapping appears to help reduce cultural, racial, and class communication barriers by providing a visual supplement and a common language that enhances counselor-client interchanges.

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., Broome, K. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Compulsory community-based substance abuse treatment and the mentally ill criminal offender. The Prison Journal, 76(2), 180-191.

Abstract: The current study examined the relationship between mental health status and 18-month follow-up rearrest data of 191 probationers remanded to 4 months of treatment at a corrections-operated community-based residential substance abuse program. Probationers completed the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II), which classified 51% with DSM-III-R Axis I and 79% with Axis II disorders. Presence of these psychopathology and personality diagnoses was associated with rearrest after discharge from treatment. After controlling for sociodemographic background variables, arrest history, and substance use, the diagnoses of drug dependence and dysthymia were found to be significant risk factors for probationer rearrest following treatment.

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., Devereux, J., & Hathcoat, M. (1996). Posttreatment outcomes for substance-abusing probationers mandated to residential treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 28(3), 291-296.

Abstract: This article presents an initial evaluation of a community-based substance abuse treatment program for probationers described in a previous issue of the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs [27(l): 39-47]. Posttreatment outcomes for 492 probationers remanded to a six-month residential facility were assessed. Based on official state records, 9% of the probationers were rearrested in the six months following discharge from treatment. Those who graduated from the program were significantly less likely to be rearrested during the follow-up interval than were program expulsions and transfers to other programs. Also, program graduates who attended a specialized residential aftercare program were more likely to remain drug-free and be employed after treatment than were those who did not attend the specialized aftercare program. Collectively, results suggest that lower rearrest rates may be associated with the provision of residential treatment to substance-abusing probationers. [Keywords: Probationers; residential treatment; substance abuse; treatment outcome]

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). An assessment of comorbid psychological problems in a residential criminal justice drug treatment program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10(3), 181-189.

Abstract: One hundred sixty-one probationers remanded to 4 months of mandatory treatment at a criminal justice substance abuse treatment facility were assessed for evidence of psychopathology by means of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II and other psychosocial functioning scales. Overall, 80% of the sample was classified as having psychological problems, 72% had significant drug abuse problems, and 58% had concurrent psychopathology and drug abuse problems (i.e., comorbidity). Comparisons between psychopathology-only, drug problem-only, and comorbid groups indicated that probationers with both drug use and psychological problems engaged in more preadmission illegal activity, had more social impairments, and indicated higher motivation for treatment.

Hiller, M. L., Rowan-Szal, G. A., Bartholomew, N. G., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Effectiveness of a specialized women's intervention in a residential treatment program. Substance Use & Misuse, 31(6), 771-783.

Abstract: "Time Out! For Me," a specialized psychoeducational treatment found to be effective with women in an outpatient methadone clinic, was tested for generalizability to a residential drug user treatment program. The 6-session module was first given to an experimental group (n = 11) and compared to a control group (n = 10). The treatment was associated with increases in knowledge of human sexuality, assertiveness and communication skills, more positive attitudes toward being assertive and practicing safer sex, and increased self-esteem. Thus, "Time Out" appears to be an effective treatment enhancement for women in residential treatment. [Keywords: Drug user treatment; therapeutic community; self-esteem, women]

Knight, D. K., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Influences of family and friends on client progress during drug abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 8(4), 417-429.

Relationships with family and friends by 439 heroin addicts during the first 3 months of drug abuse treatment were examined in relation to behavioral improvements of clients. Family conflict and peer deviance were significant predictors of injection frequency and illegal activity during treatment, and reductions in family conflict were associated with lower drug use, injection frequency, and illegal activity during treatment. These results provide support for treatment emphasis on helping clients reduce conflict among family members, improve dysfunctional relationships with peers, and replace deviant friendships with others that encourage treatment participation and conformance to social norms.

Peel, J. L., Dansereau, D. F., & Dees, S. (1996). Schematic maps: Cognitive tools for enhancing the early stages of counseling. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 22(3), 423-437.

Abstract: The purpose of the present studies was to explore the utility of schematic maps as tools for the early stages of both peer and self-counseling. In experiment 1 (self-counseling), 42 students from undergraduate general psychology classes participated to fulfill course requirements. Participants were assigned to either a schematic map or essay group. They first extracted information about their alcohol-related behavior patterns and then analyzed the patterns from the perspective of a counselor. In experiment 2 (peer counseling), 38 students from upper-division psychology courses participated for extra credit. Participants were asked to evaluate behavior patterns, in the form of maps or essays, which were presented either in the same form as they were extracted or were transposed to the other format. In both studies, assessment consisted of questionnaires that addressed the usefulness of the tools in the counseling process. Schematic maps are potentially powerful tools for both self- and peer counseling. For self-counseling, maps were preferred over traditional essay writing. In addition, the subjective reaction to maps as tools for peer counseling was positive.

Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., & Joe, G. W. (1996). Client education levels and the effectiveness of node-link maps. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 15(3), 27-44.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mapping-enhanced counseling with less educated methadone clients (i.e., clients with no high school diploma or GED). Results indicated that less educated clients exposed to node-link maps during treatment showed better 12-month follow-up outcomes than similar clients exposed to standard methods of counseling. Less educated mapping clients were less likely than their standard counterparts to have used drugs and to have engaged in criminal activities in the 6 months before the follow-up interview.

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