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Bartholomew, N. G., Simpson, D. D., & Chatham, L. R. (1993). Straight ahead: Transition skills for recovery. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, Institute of Behavioral Research.  See description in the Manuals section.

Dansereau, D. F., Dees, S. M., Chatham, L. R., & Simpson, D. D. (1993). Mapping new roads to recovery: Cognitive enhancements to counseling. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, Institute of Behavioral Research.  See description in the Manuals section.

Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1993). Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 385-395.

Abstract: A multipurpose visual representation strategy, node-link mapping, was taught to randomly selected counselors in 3 methadone maintenance (MM) drug treatment programs. Counselors were trained to use mapping in their individual and group sessions as a communication, thinking, and memory aid. MM clients were randomly assigned to either mapping counselors or standard counselors (i.e., ones who did not receive mapping training). In Study 1, there were statistically significant differences in favor of mapping during the 1st 3 months of treatment for measures of client commitment to counseling and counselor perceptions of the client (e.g., motivation). In Study 2, the results based on clients at more advanced stages of treatment were more limited, but the pattern of mean differences was similar to that of Study 1.

Dees, S. M., & Dansereau, D. F. (1993). Using schematic organizers to help college students organize personal concepts and behavior related to alcohol and cocaine use. Addictive Behaviors, 18(6), 645-657.

Abstract: The intent of this study was to assess the perceived effectiveness of using two types of schematic, graphic organizers – "maps" and "conceptual matrices" – to organize personal understanding of alcohol and cocaine behavior patterns and knowledge about reasons for and consequences of alcohol and cocaine use. Participants in this three-session, 6-hour study were 111 students from a private, southwestern university who were recruited from undergraduate psychology classes. Participants were randomly assigned to either "schema" (matrix/map) or "nonschema" (essay) conditions. The dependent measure, perceived usefulness of an activity, was defined in terms of three factors (use for personal insights, motivational aspects of an activity, and use for counseling purposes) and was assessed through a series of four postactivity questionnaires. Verbal ability was found to play an important role: map organizers for alcohol experiences were perceived as more useful than essay writing by below-median verbal ability participants. For organizing personal knowledge of reasons and consequences, essay writing was perceived as more useful. Possible trends were noted with respect to personality factors.

Dees, S. M., Dansereau, D. F., Peel, J. L., & Knight, K. (1993). Using scripted cooperation to communicate information about the consequences of alcohol and cocaine use. International Journal of the Addictions, 28(2), 153-166.

Abstract: Fifty-two participants from undergraduate psychology classes at a private university were asked to study, either cooperatively or individually, information dealing with the consequences of using alcohol and cocaine. Objectives were to (a) determine the effect of cooperative study on recall, (b) assess personal reactions to the information presented, and (c) assess the effect of individual differences. Findings indicate that cooperative study can facilitate both recall of information as well as degree of understanding and confidence in dealing with persons using alcohol/cocaine; that the materials used were received positively; and that verbal ability may play a subtle role in college students' responses to alcohol/cocaine information. [Keywords: Cooperative study strategy; information strategies; consequences study strategy]

Holcom, M. L., Lehman, W. E. K., & Lord, C. G. (1993). Social categorization and the influence of drug involvement on drug attitude structures: Implications for assessing drug use and tolerance in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1968-1988.

Abstract: Theories of social categorization were used to generate hypotheses concerning the impact of drug involvement on the attitudes and knowledge structures that people use in making drug-related judgments. Data indicated that greater drug exposure tended to foster more complex knowledge structures for drugs and drug users as revealed by subjects' perceptions of drug users, tolerance for drug use, and perceptions of drug seriousness. Basically, high drug involvement in terms of personal alcohol use and associating with illicit drug users was related to greater individuation of drug user types. Therefore, high-involved subjects, relative to low-involved individuals, were better able to discriminate between different drug user subtypes and drug user subtypes were more important to high-involved subjects when responding to drug-related survey items.

Holcom, M. L., Lehman, W. E. K., & Simpson D. D. (1993). Employee accidents: Influences of personal characteristics, job characteristics, and substance use in jobs differing in accident potential. Journal of Safety Research, 24, 205-221.

Abstract: Relationships between employee substance use and accidents (i.e., injury and non injury accidents) at work were assessed in a sample of municipal employees in a large southwestern city in the United States. Employees were classified into low- and high-risk job samples and discriminant function analyses were computed within job samples to classify employees into "no accident" and "some accident' classifications. Variables from personal, job, and substance-use domains were used as discriminators. Results indicated that employees likely to have accidents tended to have dysfunctional personal backgrounds and reported that they were dissatisfied and tense at work. Drug and alcohol use were major discriminators of accident groups for the high-risk job sample but not for the low-risk job samples.

Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1993).  Needle use risks:  Composite measures and comparisons.  In B. S. Brown, G. M. Beschner, & the National AIDS Research Consortium (Eds.), Handbook on risk of AIDS:  Injection drug users and sexual partners (pp. 137-154).  Westport, CT:  Greenwood Press.

Summary:  Indices of AIDS-risky needle use behaviors were developed on clients prior to and following participation in outreach interventions.  Results revealed a significant reduction in self-reported injection drug frequency from before to after intervention, a result consistent with most outcome studies from the NADR Project.  Overall, the level of reduction in IDU was from daily use to several times per week.  These are significant and encouraging results, but when compared with outcomes from drug abuse treatment, the percentage of daily users who quit IDU (i.e., 14%) was very small.  Nevertheless, a majority of the sample reported practicing at least some “safe” needle use behaviors following AIA, but this success was sometimes compromised by continuing to share water, cooker, or cotton.  Comparisons of safe and risky needle use criteria therefore provided insight into behaviors that apparently need additional emphasis in AIDS intervention efforts. 

Simpson, D. D.  (1993).  Demographic, socioeconomic, and criminal background data.  In B. J. Rounsaville, F. M. Tims, A. M. Horton, Jr., & B. J. Sowder (Eds.), Diagnostic source book on drug abuse research and treatment (NIDA Research Monograph, NIH ADM 93-3508).  Rockville, MD:  National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Simpson, D. D. (1993). Drug treatment evaluation research in the United States. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 7(2), 120-128.

Abstract: National studies of treatment effectiveness in the United States during the past 20 years have influenced drug policy decisions about treatment funding, the development of new services components, and evaluation methodologies. The Drug Abuse Reporting Program was the first national evaluation study of community-based treatment programs, implemented in the early 1970s. It evolved into a 20-year longitudinal research program that included during-treatment assessments of client performance, evaluations of treatment effectiveness based on outcomes in the years immediately following treatment, and long-term studies of addiction careers. The Treatment Outcome Prospective Study began in the early 1980s and is now being followed by the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study in the 1990s. These multisite and multimodality studies have helped establish broad-based evidence for treatment efficacy and directions for new studies in the United States.

Simpson, D. D., Chatham, L. R., & Joe, G. W. (1993). Cognitive enhancements to treatment in DATAR: Drug abuse treatment for AIDS risks reduction. In J. Inciardi, F. Tims, & B. Fletcher (Eds.), Innovative approaches to the treatment of drug abuse: Program models and strategies (pp. 161-177). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Summary:  The Drug Abuse Treatment for AIDS Risks Reduction (DATAR) project described in this chapter is a direct outgrowth of the Institute of Behavioral Research (IBR) treatment evaluation research program conducted since 1970, especially studies carried out as part of the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP).  In particular, these studies helped establish that “treatment works” and that posttreatment outcomes improve in direct relation to the length of time clients stay in treatment.  The most effective intervention strategies and the essential elements involved in the therapeutic process, however, are yet to be identified.  For that reason, it is important to conduct research that places special emphasis on measuring and assessing treatment process – loosely defined as the interactions involving client and counselor attributes, service delivery, and program structure.

Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (1993). Motivation as a predictor of early dropout from drug abuse treatment. Psychotherapy, 30(2), 357-368.

Abstract: Measures of motivation for drug use change and treatment were examined with respect to psychometric properties and prediction of early dropouts from methadone maintenance (MM). Three scales were used to obtain personal assessments of: Drug Use Problems, Desire for Help, and Treatment Readiness. Each was composed of 7 to 9 items. Data were collected at intake from 311 MM clients admitted to three separate outpatient treatment agencies, of which 24% dropped out of treatment within 60 days. The scales were found to be reliable, and evidence of validity was based on comparisons with other background and pretreatment functioning measures. Social stability (marital status, employment, and fewer prior arrests), previous treatment experience, expectations for reducing future drug use, higher methadone dose level, and higher motivation (Desire for Help) were identified as significant predictors of treatment retention beyond 60 days.

Simpson, D. D., Knight, K., & Ray, S. (1993). Psychosocial correlates of AIDS-risk drug use and sexual behaviors. AIDS Education and Prevention, 5(2), 121-130.

Abstract: Theoretical and empirical research suggests psychosocial functioning is important in drug abuse intervention strategies, especially those focusing on efforts to change AIDS risk behaviors. Self-esteem, depression, anxiety, proneness to risk taking, decision-making confidence, self-assessment of drug use problems, and desire for help with drug problems, along with personal background and health history indicators, were assessed for 194 injection drug users in an AIDS prevention outreach program in New Orleans. Composite index scores for needle risk behaviors were associated with low self-esteem and low decision-making confidence as well as with higher scores on depression, anxiety, drug use problems, and desire for help. However, these psychosocial measures were not significantly related to the composite index for sex risks. Health history measures, represented by previous exposures to hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases, were significantly related to both needle and sex risk indices. Implications for AIDS intervention efforts are discussed.

Stephens, R. C., Simpson, D. D., Coyle, S. L., & McCoy, C. B. (1993). Comparative effectiveness of NADR interventions. In B. S. Brown, G. M. Beschner, & National AIDS Research Consortium (Eds.), Handbook on risk of AIDS: Injection drug users and sexual partners (pp. 519-556). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Summary:  The National AIDS Demonstration Research program (NADR) was initiated in 1987 to direct community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention projects to out-of-treatment injection drug users (IDUs) and their sexual partners.  This chapter describes a series of analyses made about the comparative effects of the NADR outreach projects.  In brief, the analyses show that a selected group of clients reported risk reductions at the time of follow-up interviews.  The results support the hypotheses that IDUs can be located in community settings, can be engaged in interventions, and can reduce their risk behaviors.  Preliminary analyses of aggregate data suggest that interventions with greater intensity may result in improved risk reduction.  Before detailing these various comparisons of NADR projects, though, the chapter begins by presenting a brief review of recent observations about behavioral change in general and, in particular, among IDUs.  This review highlights early efforts made to inform drug users about the dangers of sharing injection equipment and having unprotected sex and includes a discussion of several before-and-after studies of NADR projects.

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