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Czuchry, M., Sia, T. L., & Dansereau, D. F.  (2006).  Improving early engagement and treatment readiness of probationers: Gender differences.  The Prison Journal, 86(1), 56-74.

Abstract:  A total of 294 probationers either received treatment as usual (standard treatment) or standard treatment enhanced with three 2-hour motivational modules.  The results indicated that probationers receiving the motivational modules perceived their treatment communities as being more engaged and likely to remain clean and sober than those receiving standard treatment.  These findings were strongest for female probationers.

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., Saum, C. A., & Simpson, D. D. (2006).  Psychosocial functioning, treatment dropout, and recidivism of probationers mandated to a modified therapeutic community.  Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(6), 738-759.

Abstract:  Studies of corrections-based therapeutic communities show that treatment in these programs is associated with reduced recidivism to the criminal justice system and relapse to drug use, especially when followed by aftercare in the community.  A limited number of studies, however, have examined the impact of these types of programs on changes in indicators of social functioning, factors often shown to be related to on-going involvement in criminal activity and use of illegal drugs.  Therefore, the current study examined social functioning (i.e., hostility, risk taking, and social conformity) among 406 probationers in a 6-month modified therapeutic community.  Data were collected prospectively, and included intake, during-treatment, and posttreatment information.  Study findings revealed that social functioning scores changed modestly during the first 90 days of treatment.  Specifically, risk taking was observed to generally decrease over time, social conformity was found to increase, but unexpectedly, hostility increased across time in treatment.  Results also indicated that hostility was the only social functioning factor found to predict treatment dropout. Incarceration within one year was associated with criminal history, and incarceration within two years was associated with age.

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., & Simpson, D. D. (2006).   Recidivism following mandated residential substance abuse treatment for felony probationers.   The Prison Journal, 86(2), 230-241.

Abstract:  Substance abuse treatment for probationers has become an important component of community corrections. The current study focuses on a modified therapeutic community (TC) program serving drug-abusing probationers in a large metropolitan area. Findings show that program dropouts were more likely to be rearrested for a serious felony within 2 years of discharge than were treatment graduates and probationers from an untreated comparison group. Also, a significantly smaller proportion of graduates were rearrested during the 2nd year after release compared to treatment dropouts and those who do not receive treatment. Logistic regression analysis that adjusted for pre-existing group differences indicates there was a small impact of the TC program on recidivism, with treatment graduates only slightly less likely to be arrested.

Knight, K.  (2006).  Review of The State of Corrections:  2001 Proceedings ACA Annual Conferences.  Criminal Justice Review, 31, 268-269.

Summary:  This article reviews The State of Corrections: 2001Proceedings American Correctional Association (ACA) Annual Conferences.  Although a bit dated, this book contains presentations, speeches, and activity summaries from the 2001 ACA Winter Conference in Nashville and the 2001 ACA Summer Congress of Correction in Philadelphia.  As with summaries from other conference proceedings, this book not only captures what took place during these meetings, but it also provides a valuable resource to those in the field of corrections and is a worthwhile read.

Knight, K., Garner, B. R., Simpson, D. D., Morey, J. T., & Flynn, P. M. (2006).  An assessment for criminal thinking.  Crime and Delinquency, 52(1), 159-177.

Abstract:  Actuarial measures of criminal history are often used in assessing risk of recidivism among offenders.   However, these measures often do not address changes in risk as a result of treatment.   In a study of the TCU Criminal Thinking Scales (TCU CTS), a brief, self-administered instrument that assesses thinking patterns associated with criminal conduct, support was found for the instrument’s basic psychometric properties.   The instrument may have applications as a brief, reliable assessment of the degree to which criminal thinking patterns are endorsed by offenders.   The authors discuss applications of the assessment in determinations of offender progress and risk of recidivism. 

Knight, K., & Simpson, D. D.  (2006, Winter).  Treatment versus incarceration for substance-abusing offenders.  Cenikor News, 1(1), 2.

Rampazzo, L., De Angeli, M., Serpelloni, G., Simpson, D. D., & Flynn, P. M. (2006).  The Italian Survey of Organizational Functioning and Readiness for Change:  A cross-cultural transfer of treatment assessment strategies.  European Addiction Research, 12, 176-181.

Abstract:  This article reports on the results of a U.S.-Italy collaborative study of organizational functioning and its relationship to innovation implementation and systems change.  It was part of a NIDA-funded grant to the Institute of Behavioral Research at Texas Christian University (TCU) for cross-cultural comparisons of the TCU Organizational Readiness for Change (ORC) instrument.  The assessment was translated into Italian and administered to 405 staff of local health programs representing both public and private sectors in the Veneto Region of northern Italy.  The findings indicate the psychometric properties of the ORC in the American and Italian programs examined are consistent, and organizational climate score profiles were remarkably similar.  Comparisons between public and private programs in northern Italy revealed that staffs in the public sector reported more resources, including computer access and electronic communications.  They also reported higher ratings for professional growth and adaptability, but lower levels on influence and cohesion than in private programs.  Because evidence shows that the Italian version of the ORC is psychometrically acceptable, it enables cross-cultural applications in the study of organizational attributes related to innovations and effectiveness of services.

Simpson, D. D. (August, 2006).  A plan for planning treatment.  Counselor: A Magazine for Addiction Professionals, 7(4), 20-28.

Abstract:  This paper is adapted from a publication in Journal of Substance Abuse (Simpson, 2004) as part of a special arrangement with JSAT to present selected scientific publications for clinicians.  It summarizes evidence for the TCU Treatment Model and elaborates clinical applications for counselors and clients in terms of how they might view treatment as a process for recovery.  The purpose is to offer a conceptual framework for showing how assessments of client needs and performance can be integrated with decisions about particular therapeutic strategies/interventions over time.  At a conceptual level, this also can help refine and focus clinical discussions among counseling staff about care planning and client needs (individually and collectively) within a program.  Specific TCU resources for these applications are described, along with information about the challenges that programs face when trying to implement innovations.

Thompson, S. J., McManus, H., Lantry, J., Windsor, L., & Flynn, P. M. (2006).  Insights from the street:  Perceptions of services and providers by homeless young people.  Evaluation and Program Planning, 29, 34-43.

Abstract:  Even though homeless young adults characteristically have needs for health and social services, access and utilization are often limited.  Homelessness is too often a structural existence from which it becomes difficult to emerge, and it routinely leads to entrenchment in street culture. Focus groups were conducted to develop a better understanding and increase knowledge of barriers and factors that affect service utilization.  Subjects included 60 participants recruited from a drop-in center for young adults who are homeless. Qualitative analyses revealed that participants responded favorably to respectful, empathic, and pet friendly providers who were supportive and encouraging without disregarding their autonomy. Barriers to service utilization included unsuitable and unsafe environments, and disrespectful and rigid providers who had unrealistic expectations impeded use of services. Assisting these youth and young adults to transition into developmentally-appropriate and stable living situations will likely prevent them from becoming homeless adults.

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