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Bahr, G. S., & Dansereau, D. F. (2004).  Bilingual knowledge maps (BiK-Maps):  Study strategy effects. In A. J. Canas, J. D. Novak, & F. M. Gonzalez (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Conference of Concept Mapping (CMC 2004), 1 (pp. 59-66). Universidad Publica de Navarra Pamblona, Spain: NovaText.

Summary:  The use of bilingual node-link maps (BiK-maps) as a training strategy was investigated for the acquisition of foreign language vocabulary.  Participants were assigned to one of two conditions for the task of studying 32 German-English word-pairs.  Participants either used BiK-mapping as a strategy or their own preferred learning style.  BiK-map strategists recalled more English words during free recall.  Implications for foreign language vocabulary learning and future research are discussed.

Bennett, J. B., Patterson, C. R., Reynolds, G. S., Wiitala, W. L., & Lehman, W. E. K.  (2004).  Team awareness, problems drinking, and drinking climate:  Workplace social health promotion in a policy context.  American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(2), 103-113. 

Abstract:  
Purpose.  (1) To determine the effectiveness of classroom health promotion/prevention training designed to improve work climate and alcohol outcomes; (2) to assess whether such training contributes to improvements in problem drinking beyond standard workplace alcohol policies.
Design.  A cross-sectional survey assessed employee problem drinking across three time periods. This was followed by a prevention intervention study; work groups were randomly assigned to an 8-hour training course in workplace social health promotion (Team Awareness), a 4-hour informational training course, or a control group.  Surveys were administered 2 to 4 weeks before and after training and 6 months after posttest.
Setting and Subjects.  Employees were surveyed from work departments in a large municipality of 3000 workers at three points in time (year, sample, and response rates are shown):  (1) 1992, n = 1081, 95%; (2) 1995, n = 856, 97%; and (3) 1999, n = 587, 73%. Employees in the 1999 survey were recruited from safety-sensitive departments and were randomly assigned to receive the psychosocial (n = 201), informational (n = 192), or control (n = 194) condition.
Intervention.  The psychosocial program (Team Awareness) provided skills training in peer referral, team building, and stress management. Informational training used a didactic review of policy, employee assistance, and drug testing.
Measures.  Self-reports measured alcohol use (frequency, drunkenness, hangovers, and problems) and work drinking climate (enabling, responsiveness, drinking norms, stigma, and drink with coworkers).
Results.  Employees receiving Team Awareness reduced problem drinking from 20% to 11% and working with or missing work because of a hangover from 16% to 6%.  Information-trained workers also reduced problem drinking from 18% to 10%.  These rates of change contrast with changes in problem drinking seen from 1992 (24%) to 1999 (17%).  Team Awareness improvements differed significantly from control subjects, which showed no change at 13%. Employees receiving Team Awareness also showed significant improvements in drinking climate.  For example, scores on the measure of coworker enabling decreased from pretest (mean = 2.19) to posttest (mean = 2.05) and follow up (mean = 1.94).  Posttest measures of drinking climate also predicted alcohol outcomes at 6 months.
Conclusion.  Employers should consider the use of prevention programming as an enhancement to standard drug-free workplace efforts.  Team Awareness training targets work group social health, aligns with employee assistance efforts, and contributes to reductions in problem drinking.

Conover, C. J., Ettner, S. L., Weaver, M., Flynn, P. M., & Porto, J. V.  (2004).  Economic evaluations of HIV treatment and health research with people diagnosed with HIV infection and co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders.  AIDS Care, 16(Supplement 1), S121–S136.

Summary:  Research challenges in multi-site studies involved in measuring costs in economic evaluations of patients who are coping simultaneously with HIV/AIDS and co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders are described. General issues when measuring costs for this population are discussed and some operational solutions are suggested.  While reliance on patient self-report data may be unavoidable, there are practical ways of improving the accuracy of such data and the cost estimates derived from them. The data collection instruments developed for the cost component of this study are available to researchers doing similar work.

Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F.  (2004).  The importance of need for cognition and educational experience in enhanced and standard substance abuse treatment.  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36(2), 243–251.

Abstract:  The current research examined the relationship between need for cognition (i.e., cognitive motivation or “will”) and educational experience (i.e., cognitive ability or “skill”) and perceived improvements during residential treatment of probationers.  Participants were randomly assigned to either receive motivation activities developed by the authors (the “enhanced” condition), or treatment as usual (but with access to general reading materials in lieu of the motivational activities).  Need for cognition and educational experience were used as blocking variables, and ratings of progress were assessed midway and toward the end of treatment.  The results indicate that both need for cognition and educational experience are important predictors of improvement during treatment, and that the enhanced motivational activities were particularly valuable for clients with lower levels of need for cognition.

Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., Greener, J. M., & Rowan-Szal, G. A. (2004).  Development and validation of a Client Problems Profile and Index for drug treatment.  Psychological Reports, 95, 215-234.

Abstract: Concurrent and predictive validities of the TCU Client Problem Profile and Index are evaluated in a new study using 547 clients in outpatient methadone treatment.  Derived from the TCU Brief Intake for drug treatment admissions, the profile covers 14 problem areas related to drug use.  Analysis of predictive validity show the profile and its composite index (based on the number of client problem areas) were significantly related to therapeutic engagement, during-treatment progress, and posttreatment outcomes.  Low moderate to high moderate effect sizes were observed in analyses of the index's discrimination. 

Knight, K., & Farabee, D.  (Eds.).  (2004).  Treating addicted offenders:  A continuum of effective practices.  Kingston, NJ:  Civic Research Institute.

Summary:  Treating addicted offenders:  A continuum of effective practices is a book edited by K. Knight & D. Farabee that provides brief articles on the treatment of drug and alcohol problems within the criminal justice system.  Key recommendations for staff skills development and science-based treatment interventions are identified.  Recommendations for continuing research and a description of relevant legal issues are included.

Knight, K., Simpson, D. D., & Hiller, M. L. (2004).  Three-year reincarceration outcomes for in-prison therapeutic community treatment in Texas.  In M. K. Stohr & C. Hemmens (Eds.), The inmate prison experience (pp. 316-328).  Upper Saddle River, NJ:  Prentice-Hall.

Summary:  The recent increase in drug abusers in the criminal justice system has led to the expansion of corrections-based drug treatment facilities. Although three key evaluations have provided consistent support for the effectiveness of drug treatment within the criminal justice system, direct comparisons of outcomes across these evaluations are limited by variations in their measurement systems and the structure of official records on which they are based. This article addresses some of the issues relating to the assessment of treatment outcomes for the drug-abusing offender and provides several recommendations for future research. [Keywords: Correctional treatment; drug abuse treatment; prison-based treatment]

Rao, S. R., Broome, K. M., & Simpson, D. D.  (2004).  Depression and hostility as predictors of long-term outcomes among opiate users.  Addiction, 99(5), 579-589.

Rowan-Szal, G. A., Chatham, L. R., Greener, J. M., Joe, G. W., Payte, J. T., & Simpson, D. D. (2004).  Structure as a determinant of treatment dose.  Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions, 2(4), 55-70.

Abstract:  The total amount of time actually spent in counseling sessions during a 6-month period was examined for a sample of 298 clients in methadone maintenance treatment.  Clients were divided into “low,” “medium,” and “high” groups based on the total number of minutes actually spent in counseling sessions.  Clients in the low exposure group did not report as much rapport or bonding with counselors as did clients with more treatment exposure.  Several factors predicted clients who spent more time in counseling sessions, including being female, heavy alcohol use, history of childhood problems, being on a higher methadone dosage, and structured counseling sessions.  The most significant predictor was participation in some form of structured counseling sessions, lending support for the use of structured or manualized interventions as a way of improving participation in counseling sessions and improving the client/counselor relationship. 

Simpson, D. D. (2004).   A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcome.  Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 27, 99-121.

Abstract:   Large-scale natural studies of treatment effectiveness and evidence from specialized treatment evaluations form the conceptual backbone for a “treatment model” summarizing how drug treatment works.  Sequential relationships between patient and program attributes, early patient engagement, recovery stages, retention, and favorable outcomes are discussed, along with behavioral, cognitive, and skills training interventions found to be effective for enhancing specific stages of the recovery process.  The author discusses applications of the treatment model for incorporating science-based innovations into clinical practice in areas such as engagement and retention, performance measures, program monitoring and management, organizational functioning, and systems change. 

Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W. (2004).   A longitudinal evaluation of treatment engagement and recovery stages.  Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 27, 89-97.

Abstract:   A comprehensive version of the TCU Treatment Model was tested using recent methodological advancements for structural equation modeling that allowed for examination of the hypothesized sequential relationships of treatment stages.  Specifically, the sequential relationships of early engagement components (participation, therapeutic relationship) and early recovery indicators (psychosocial and behavioral changes) were tested for their contributions to retention and posttreatment recovery.  Relationships among patient motivation at intake, treatment process, treatment strategy, retention, and drug use outcomes were estimated using intake, during-treatment, and 1-year follow-up data for 711 patients in outpatient methadone treatment. Hypothesized sequential elements representing treatment process and patient functioning were supported.  These relationships also were estimated as odds ratios to help translate the findings and increase their clinical usefulness in the field. 

Simpson, D. D., Knight, K., & Dansereau, D. F. (2004).  Addiction treatment strategies for offenders.  Journal of Community Corrections, XIII(4), 7-10, 27-32.

Abstract:   Clinical and systems-level dynamics that should be considered as part of corrections-based substance abuse treatment are addressed in this article that uses a conceptual framework to describe key stages of drug treatment and the relationship between treatment readiness, participation, therapeutic relationships and stabilized recovery among offenders.  The authors suggest that this clinical process should be managed within a broader context that balances security and rehabilitation objectives.  In particular, selection and referral decisions are seen as necessary for efficient applications of treatment resources as well as assessing offender responses to treatment intervention strategies. 

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