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Bennett, J. B., & Lehman, W. E. K.  (2001).  Workplace substance abuse prevention and help seeking:  Comparing team-oriented and informational training.  Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 243-254.

Abstract:  Employees fail to seek help for alcohol or drug (AOD) abuse because of unhealthy work climates, stigma, and distrust in Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs).  To address such problems, the authors randomly assigned groups of municipal employees (N = 260) to 2 types of training:  a 4-hr informational review of EAPs and policy and an 8-hr training that embedded messages about AOD reduction in the context of team building and stress management.  Pre- and posttraining and 6-month follow-up surveys assessed change.  Group privacy regulation, EAP trust, help seeking, and peer encouragement increased for team training.  Stigma of substance users decreased for information training.  EAP/policy knowledge increased for both groups.  A control group showed little change.  Help seeking and peer encouragement also predicted EAP utilization.  Integrating both team and informational training may be the most effective for improving help seeking and EAP utilization.

Broome, K. M. Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (2001). Engagement models for adolescents in DATOS-A. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(6), 608-623.

Abstract:  Based on the importance of during-treatment activities for improving outcomes, relationships between patient background, treatment readiness, and therapeutic engagement were examined in a national sample of adolescents admitted to 20 treatment programs representing three modalities. Patients with higher readiness for treatment at intake subsequently became more therapeutically involved, replicating previous findings on relationships between motivation and engagement in adult samples. One of the most influential background factors associated with higher treatment readiness was patient relationships with family and friends. Interventions that focus on treatment readiness appear to be appropriate strategies for improving treatment engagement.

Broome, K. M., Simpson, D. D., & Joe, G. W.  (2001).  Relapse to opioid and cocaine use following methadone treatment.  In F. M. Tims, C. G. Leukefeld, & Platt, J. J. (Eds.), Relapse and recovery in addictions (pp. 334-354).  New Haven, CT:  Yale University Press.

Delany, P. J., Broome, K. M., Flynn, P. M., & Fletcher, B. W. (2001). Treatment service patterns and organizational structures: An analysis of programs in DATOS-A. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16(6), 590-607.

Abstract:  The availability of a variety of treatment services was examined within a national sample of programs treating adolescent drug abuse patients. Treatment service delivery profiles were created and examined in the context of organizational variables such as program modality, program directors' academic credentials, program capacity, staff composition, accreditation, and patient problems. Results suggested that distinct profiles of services existed within residential and outpatient modalities and that these service profiles were related both to organizational factors and to patient problem profiles.

Flynn, P. M., Simpson, D. D., Anglin, M. D., & Hubbard, R. L.  (2001).  Comment on “nonresponse and selection bias in treatment follow-up studies” [Letter to the Editor].  Substance Use & Misuse, 36(12), 1749-1751.

Summary:  This letter to the Editor of Substance Use & Misuse provides a commentary on an earlier paper by Gerstein and Johnson that discussed potential sources of response bias in large-scale treatment evaluations.  The purpose of this letter was to identify inappropriate adjustments made by Gerstein and Johnson in their presentation of DATOS response rates.

Hubbard, R. L., Flynn, P. M., Craddock, S. G., & Fletcher, B. W. (2001).  Relapse after drug abuse treatment.  In F. M. Tims, C. G. Leukefeld, & J. J. Platt (Eds.), Relapse and recovery in addictions (pp. 109-121).  New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 

Summary:  The focus of this book chapter is on relapse to heroin and cocaine use.  Various definitions of relapse, time to relapse, and changes in drug use patterns are described.  Changes in use from pre- to post-treatment are presented along with timing associated with relapse.   Comparisons of relapse in two national treatment evaluations are examined.  These include data from the Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS; circa 1980) and the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Studies (DATOS; circa 1990).

Joe, G. W., Simpson, D. D., Dansereau, D. F., & Rowan-Szal, G. A. (2001). Relationships between counseling rapport and drug abuse treatment outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 52(9), 1223-1229.

Abstract:  Objective: This study examined the association between counseling rapport and drug abuse treatment outcomes.  Methods: Two cohorts of outpatients who were being treated with methadone in four cities were studied. Cohort 1 comprised 354 patients in community-based nonprofit programs, and cohort 2 comprised 223 patients from a private for-profit program. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the importance of counseling rapport as a predictor of drug use and criminality relative to treatment retention in the index treatment, satisfaction with treatment, and whether additional treatment was received after the index treatment.  Results: In both cohorts, ratings made by counselors, during treatment, of therapeutic involvement and relationships with patients provided a useful measure of counseling rapport. A lower level of rapport during treatment predicted worse post-index treatment outcomes, including more cocaine use and criminality, both by itself and after adjustment for treatment retention, satisfaction with treatment, and post-index treatment status. Counseling strategies were associated with the development of counseling rapport.  Conclusions: Counseling rapport is a vital part of the therapeutic process and helps explain why and when treatment is effective. It contributes explicitly to the prediction of outcomes, apart from treatment retention, and accounts in part for the usual association between treatment retention and outcomes.

Knight, D. K., Logan, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (2001). Predictors of program completion for women in residential substance abuse treatment. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27(l), 1-18.

Abstract:  Although there is increasing emphasis on providing drug treatment programs for women that address their specific needs (including parenting and childcare), some women still fail to complete treatment.  Because of the limited information about the barriers involved, this study examines pretreatment characteristics as predictors of program completion for 87 women who were pregnant or who entered residential treatment with their children.  By using a multivariate prediction model, three significant predictors of treatment completion were identified: education level, recent arrests, and peer deviance.  Women who completed program requirements were more likely to have a high school degree or equivalent, no arrests in the 6 months before admission, and friends who were less deviant.  These findings support the need for specialized education and services that address social deviancy of pregnant and/or parenting women.  Other predictors that approached significance and deserve further study include marital status, number of children in treatment, child welfare involvement, cocaine use, and psychological depression.

Knight, D. K., Wallace, G. L., Joe, G. W., & Logan, S. M. (2001). Change in psychosocial functioning and social relations among women in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 533-547.

Abstract:  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which psychosocial functioning and social relationships changed during the first 3 months of treatment among women in a residential substance abuse program that emphasizes the importance of developing healthy relationships.  Methods: Participants included 77 female clients admitted to the Salvation Army First Choice (FC) Program in Fort Worth, TX. Assessments of psychological functioning, family relations, and peer relations were administered at treatment entry and again after 3 months. Relationships with clients in treatment and friends outside treatment were measured separately.  Results: Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated that interpersonal relationships improved. Family networks increased, family cohesion increased, and family conflict decreased. Peer networks changed as well, due in part to new relationships with other clients in treatment. The number of drug-using friends decreased, peer deviance and negative influence decreased, and social conformity among friends increased. There was a corresponding improvement in psychosocial functioning.  Implications: Results suggested that relationship-centered treatment for women was effective. Clients reestablished connections with family members, disassociated from drug-using peers, and improved the quality of relationships with family members and friends. Further research is needed in order to examine the influence of specific treatment components and the potential long-term effects of changes in women's relationships. [Keywords: Women's treatment; psychosocial change; family relations; peer relations; relationship-centered treatment]

Linhorst, D. M., Knight, K., Johnston, J. S., & Trickey, M. (2001). Situational influences on the implementation of a prison-based therapeutic community. The Prison Journal, 81(4), 436-453.

Abstract:  Therapeutic communities (TCs) are emerging as one of the primary approaches for the treatment of substance abuse for criminal offenders. However, the achievement of positive TC outcomes is predicated on their successful implementation. This study examines the effect of two situational influences on the implementation of a TC program in a state prison - the enactment of a smoking ban and a change in treatment providers. Results suggest that the smoking ban led to a loss of inmates' focus on treatment goals and strained inmate-custody staff relationships, whereas the change in treatment providers resulted in an immediate turnover of one third of the counselors and a disruption of relationships between custody and treatment staff.

Simpson, D. D. (2001).  Modeling treatment process and outcomes (editorial).  Addiction, 96(2), 207-211.

Summary:  This invited editorial discusses the foundations of knowledge gained from the past three decades of national drug abuse treatment evaluation studies.  An emerging model of treatment process and outcome is presented that conceptualizes treatment in discrete phases from induction to aftercare, with each phase benefiting from specialized intervention and evaluation strategies.  The intersection of this model with systemic issues such as service delivery, program management, organizational climates, and technology transfer issues also is discussed.

Simpson, D. D., & Knight, K.  (2001).  Texas Christian University model of treatment process and outcomes in correctional settings.  In J. A. Gondles (Ed.), The state of corrections (pp. 211-222).  Baltimore, MD:  American Correctional Association.

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