IBR -- Evidence -- Mapping-Based Counseling

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Mapping-based counseling is a cognitive strategy shown to be useful in increasing client motivation, engagement, and participation in treatment. It also promotes more positive interactions with other clients and treatment staff, both in community-based and correctional settings. TCU manuals provide guidance on the use of mapping techniques (a visual representation and communication strategy for group and individual counseling) using a variety of structured and free-flow formats, as well as a related series of motivational readiness interventions. Other TCU Counseling Manuals also use these techniques as a basis for improving psychosocial and related decision-making skills.

Lead Investigators: Don Dansereau, Dwayne Simpson

List of Mapping Manuals and Guides
Published evidence for mapping-based counseling

Overview of Evidence
by D. F. Dansereau and D. D. Simpson

Node-link mapping (NLM) is a graphic representation strategy used to visually enhance the counseling process, including the presentation, training, and implementation of the TCU intervention manuals (Dansereau, Joe, & Simpson, 1993; Dees, Dansereau, & Simpson, 1994).

Research in psychology and communication shows there are strong communication and thinking advantages for graphic representations like NLM in comparison to traditional language (Dansereau, Dees, & Simpson, 1994; Larkin & Simon, 1987; Mattaini, 1993). Furthermore, contemporary innovations in computer graphics and printing have expanded their flexibility and dynamic capabilities. Because of these developments, graphic representations have become a predominant form of communication in advertising media, business, military, and educational organizations (Tergan & Keller, 2005). The TCU manuals therefore are designed to bring this graphic advantage to drug addiction treatment services.

The choice of NLM as the graphic tool for the manuals is supported by dozens of publications illustrating efficacy in education and business, as well as research reports describing its positive impact on distinctive stages of drug treatment process and client recovery (see Dansereau, 2005, & Simpson, 2004, for reviews). In general, the results establish that NLM improves communication, attentional focus, problem solving and decision making in comparison to purely language-based approaches, and that it is particularly beneficial for individuals with deficits in these domains (Czuchry & Dansereau, 2003).

The general evidence base for the collection of TCU manuals that rely on NLM as a basic counseling strategy is threefold. First, the manuals address well-established psychosocial treatment objectives (described in NIDA Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment, 1999) and are enhanced by the NLM graphic delivery and implementation method. Second, these counseling manuals are continuing to be evaluated individually and collectively in relation to client engagement in treatment and subsequent outcomes. And third, they are embedded logistically in a conceptual framework of treatment process that includes a comprehensive set of client and program assessments for measuring needs and performance indicators empirically linked by research to longer retention and better outcomes.

References
Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F. (2003). A model of the effects of node-link mapping on drug abuse counseling. Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 537-549. [Abstract]

Dansereau, D. F. (2005). Node-link mapping principles for visualizing knowledge and information. In S. O. Tergan & T. Keller (Eds.). Knowledge and information visualization: Searching for synergies. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3426, 61-81. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Dansereau, D. F., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). Cognitive modularity: Implications for counseling and the representation of personal issues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 513-523. [Abstract]

Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1993). Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 385-395. [Abstract]

Dees, S. M., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). A visual representation system for drug abuse counselors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 11(6), 517-523. [Abstract]

Larkin, J. H., & Simon, H. A. (1987). Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousands words. Cognitive Science, 11, 65-99.

Mattaini, M. A. (1993). More than a thousand words: Graphics for clinical practice. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1999). Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide (NIH Publication No. 99-4180 ed.). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.

Simpson, D. D. (2004). A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 99-121. [Abstract]

Tergan, S. O., & Keller, T. (Eds.). (2005). Knowledge and Information visualization: Searching for synergies. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

Related Information

1. TCU Research Summary on Treatment Mapping [PDF; 410KB/4 pages]
Guest newsletter article: "Clinician resources: Mapping new roads to recovery," in Patient feedback news: A National Drug Abuse Clinical Trial Network study, 3(1), page 3. Newsletter also features IBR Web site. [Newsletter issue: (PDF: 404K / 4 pages) Used by permission.]

2. PowerPoint© presentations

Interventions in the Treatment Process Model
Dwayne Simpson. (August, 2002. PPS file; 620KB)
14 Slides advance by using the navigation bar provided.
Summary: Overview of major studies providing the evidence base for the TCU Treatment Process Model. [Printed version: PDF; 378K, 3 pages (with 6 slides per page)]

3. Project description & selected publications

4. Published evidence for mapping-based counseling

The publications listed in this section address the effectiveness of node-link mapping (NLM) as a visual representation treatment strategy in relation to their impact on treatment process stages. The rationale for applying NLM to drug addiction counseling and overviews of evidence are summarized in the following publications.

Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F. (2003). A model of the effects of node-link mapping on drug abuse counseling. Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 537-549. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F. (2005). Node-link mapping principles for visualizing knowledge and information. In S.O. Tergan & T. Keller (Eds.). Knowledge and information visualization: Searching for synergies. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3426, 61-81. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). Cognitive modularity: Implications for counseling and the representation of personal issues. The Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 513-523. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1993). Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 385-395. [Abstract]
O’Donnell, A. M., Dansereau, D. F., & Hall, R. H. (2002). Knowledge maps as scaffolds for cognitive processing. Educational Psychology Review, 14(1), 71-86. [Abstract]

a. NLM reduces barriers to client readiness and motivation for treatment

Czuchry, M., Dansereau, D. F., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1995). The use of node-link mapping in drug abuse counseling: The role of attentional factors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 27(2), 161-166. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Ethnicity and the effects of mapping-enhanced drug abuse counseling. Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 363-376. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1995). Attentional difficulties and the effectiveness of a visual representation strategy for counseling drug-addicted clients. International Journal of the Addictions, 30(4), 371-386. [Abstract]
Joe, G. W., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). Node-link mapping for counseling cocaine users in methadone treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 393-406. [Abstract]
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., Czuchry, M., & Simpson, D. D. (2005). Node-link mapping in individual counseling: Treatment impact on clients with ADHD-related behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(1), 93-103. [Abstract]
Sia, T. L., Dansereau, D. F., & Czuchry, M. (2000). Treatment readiness activities and probationers’ evaluations of substance abuse treatment in a criminal justice setting. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, 459-467. [Abstract]

b. NLM improves participation in treatment and perceived quality of counseling sessions

Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F. (1999). Node-link mapping and psychological problems: Perceptions of a residential drug abuse treatment program for probationers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(4), 321-329. [Abstract]
Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F. (2000). Drug abuse treatment in criminal justice settings: Enhancing community engagement and helpfulness. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26(4), 537-552. [Abstract]
Czuchry, M., Dansereau, D. F., Sia, T. L., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Using peer, self, and counselor ratings to evaluate treatment process. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30(1), 81-87. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Dees, S. M., Greener, J. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1995). Node-link mapping and the evaluation of drug abuse counseling sessions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 9(3), 195-203. [Abstract]
Knight, D. K., Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). The role of node-link mapping in individual and group counseling. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 20, 517-527. [Abstract]
Knight, K., Simpson, D. D., & Dansereau, D. F. (1994). Knowledge mapping: A psychoeducational tool in drug abuse relapse prevention training for probationers. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20(3/4), 187-205. [Abstract]
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., Czuchry, M., & Simpson, D. D. (2005). Node-link mapping in individual counseling: Treatment impact on clients with ADHD-related behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(1), 93-103. [Abstract]
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., & Pitre, U. (1999). Positive effects on life skills motivation and self-efficacy: Node-link maps in a modified therapeutic community. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 407-423. [Abstract]
Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1997). The role of node-link maps in enhancing counseling efficiency. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 16(3), 39-49. [Abstract]

c. NLM facilitates the counselor-client therapeutic relationship

Blankenship, J., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1999). Cognitive enhancements of readiness for corrections-based treatment for drug abuse. The Prison Journal, 79(4), 431-445. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., & Dees, S. M. (2002). Mapping Training: The transfer of a cognitive technology for improving counseling. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 22(4), 219-230. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Ethnicity and the effects of mapping-enhanced drug abuse counseling. Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 363-376. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1993). Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 385-395. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1995). Attentional difficulties and the effectiveness of a visual representation strategy for counseling drug-addicted clients. International Journal of the Addictions, 30(4), 371-386. [Abstract]

d. NLM enhances client self-confidence, self efficacy, problem solving, and perceptions of treatment progress

Czuchry, M., & Dansereau, D. F. (1999). Node-link mapping and psychological problems: Perceptions of a residential drug abuse treatment program for probationers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(4), 321-329. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1996). Ethnicity and the effects of mapping-enhanced drug abuse counseling. Addictive Behaviors, 21(3), 363-376. [Abstract]
Knight, D. K., Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). The role of node-link mapping in individual and group counseling. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 20, 517-527. [Abstract]
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., & Pitre, U. (1999). Positive effects on life skills motivation and self-efficacy: Node-link maps in a modified therapeutic community. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 407-423. [Abstract]
Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., Newbern, D., & Simpson, D. D. (1998). Residential drug-abuse treatment for probationers: Use of node-link mapping to enhance participation and progress. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(6), 535-543. [Abstract]

e. NLM clients miss fewer sessions, have fewer positive urinalyses during and after treatment, and engage in less criminal activity

Czuchry, M., Dansereau, D. F., Dees, S. M., & Simpson, D. D. (1995). The use of node-link mapping in drug abuse counseling: The role of attentional factors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 27(2), 161-166. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1993). Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 385-395. [Abstract]
Dansereau, D. F., Joe, G. W., & Simpson, D. D. (1995). Attentional difficulties and the effectiveness of a visual representation strategy for counseling drug-addicted clients. International Journal of the Addictions, 30(4), 371-386. [Abstract]
Dees, S. M., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1997). Mapping-enhanced drug abuse counseling: Urinalysis results in the first year of methadone treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14(1), 45-54. [Abstract]
Joe, G. W., Dansereau, D. F., Pitre, U., & Simpson, D. D. (1997). Effectiveness of node-like mapping-enhanced counseling for opiate addicts: A 12-month posttreatment follow-up. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 185(5), 306-313. [Abstract]
Joe, G. W., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1994). Node-link mapping for counseling cocaine users in methadone treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 393-406. [Abstract]
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., Czuchry, M., & Simpson, D. D. (2005). Node-link mapping in individual counseling: Treatment impact on clients with ADHD-related behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(1), 93-103. [Abstract]
Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., & Joe, G. W. (1996). Client education levels and the effectiveness of node-link maps. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 15(3), 27-44. [Abstract]
Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., & Simpson, D. D. (1997). The role of node-link maps in enhancing counseling efficiency. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 16(3), 39-49. [Abstract]

Evidence Section
Contents

Treatment
Process

Mapping-Based Counseling

Counseling Manuals

Corrections-Based Treatment

National Evaluations of Treatment Effectiveness

Organizational
Readiness for Change

Assessment Fact Sheets